Nitrate is the end product of biological filtration and the result of decomposition of nitrite. It can also be present in tap water supplies, especially in areas of high fertilizer run-off. Although virtually non-toxic to fish, nitrate is a key algae nutrient and high concentrations can interfere with osmoregulation (the process by which fish exchange salts and other chemicals through the gills with the outside environment). Nitrate can be more toxic and irritating to saltwater invertebrates and should be monitored more closely. Nitrate testing is also an indicator of general water quality and filter function; as biological filtration converts ammonia, to nitrite and finally to nitrate, other import chemical changes take place in the aquarium simultaneously such as loss of alkalinity (buffering capacity) or the accumulation of phosphate - thus nitrate testing can indicate possible imbalances in other areas without directly testing each one. Note: For Freshwater (including outdoor ponds), Brackish and Saltwater.